Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
He was the leader of the Committee of Public Information. His Creel Organization sent out four-minute men to give patriotic pep to encourage the people to support the war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bernard Baruch
He was the head of the War Industries Board, which eventually disbanded after failure.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Henry Cabot Lodge
Like TR, he believed in Darwanism adn that the earth belonged to the strong and fit. He opposed Wilson.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
James M. Cox
He was the Democratic presidential nominee in the election of 1920. Franklin D. Roosevelt was his running mate. He lost the election to Harding.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Self-Determination
It was the idea that people could determine their own government. It was included in Wilsons Fourteen Points.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Collective security
The goal of the Legaue of Nations to ensure independence for all countries.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Normalcy
It describes the shift in America towards the isolation policy following World War 1.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zimmerman Note
It was published in 1917 and revealed the German foreign secretary's plan to propose a German-Mexican alliance. This angered the American people and helped encourage them to join the Allies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fourteen Points
It included the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims. Wilson's fourteen points eventually led to the League of Nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
League of Nations
It was Wilson's proposal and part of the Treaty of Versailles. It was opposed by many Rebublicans, including the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Committee on Public Information
It was created to mobolize people's minds for war. It was led by George Creel, whose job was to use propaganda to get Americans to accept the war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Espionage and Sedition Acts
They were acts passed in response to fear of Germans and anti-war Americans. Under these acts, members of the Industrial Workers of the World and socialists were arrested. Eugene V. Debs was arrested and ran in the election of 1920 from prison.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Industrial Workers of the World
They were a radical group who opposed the war. Under the Espoinage and Sedition Acts, many of them were arrested.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
War Industries Board
It was created to organize industrial production for World War 1. It was led by Bernard Baruch and ultimately failed.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nineteenth Amendment
It was ratified in 1920 and granted female suffrage to women.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Food Administration
It was led by Herbert C. Hoover. The administration helped aid mobilization for war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Irreconcilables
They were William Borah and Hiram Johnson. They strongly opposed Wilson's League of Nations and favored an insolationist policy.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
It was the peace agreement ending world war 1. It altered many of WIlson's 14 points but kept in tact the League of Nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know:
"Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
German U boats sank four unarmed American merchant in the overt acts. The Zimmerman notes, which revealed Germany's plan to form a German-Mexican alliance, was also published. The fall of the tsar in Russia allowed America to fight wholeheartedly with the allies in pursuit of democracy.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
His goal was "to make the world saft for democracy". This set America apart since it proclaimed that it did not fight for the sake of riches or territorial conquest.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson's Fourteen Points included, an end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created, with George Creel as it's leader. It's job was to mobolize America's minds for war. Creel sent out Four-minute men to spread patriotic pep. Propaganda through movies and songs were also used to gain support for the war.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
The Espionage and Sedition Acts were enforced in response to anti-war Americans. Under these acts thousand of people were imprisoned, such as socialist Eugene V. Debs and Industrial Workers of the World leader William D. Haywood.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
People were unaware of how much resources would be needed for the war. Bernard Baruch led the weak war industies board, whose job was to mobolize for war; it disbanded after the armistice.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The labor movement was crippled during World War 1 as workers were forced to work under the threat of forced enlistment for the unemployed. However, the American Federation of Labor, which supported the war movement, was improved after the war.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women were given more opportunities during the war since men were sent to war and their jobs became open to women. The National Woman's Party was created by Alice Paul; the party opposed the war. The National American Woman's Association supported the was movement. In 1920, the 19th amendment was ratified, ang granted suffrage to all women.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government was somewhat intrusive during the war. Herbert C. Hoover led the FOod administration which encouraged people to conserve resources. For example, he started the idea of "victory gardens" so people would grow their own food. To save food, Hoover proposed wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The draft was more fair than the one implemented during the civil war. It required all men between teh ages eighteen and forty five to register. Also, om substitutes could be paid for by teh wealthy. The only men who were exempt were those involved in key industries, such as shipbuilding.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops were used in an Allied invasion of northern Russia after the Bolshevik's took over and pulled Russia from the war. The purpose was to prevent Japan from taking control of Siberia and to save Czechoslovak troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
America actually had a limited effect on the war effort. They only fought at St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. John J. Pershing led the American forces in the Meuse-Argonne offense.
The Fourteen Points
Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The president made it clear that the kaiser must be removed before an armistice would begin. America mainly contributed to the allied victory by providing food, munition, credit, and oil. The addition of America to the allied side is what demoralized Germany.
Wilson Steps Down
from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. Whatpolitical mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
He appealed for a Democratic victory in teh congressional elections, which ended up in a Republican victory. At the paris peace conference, he was the only member not to have a legislatice majority at home. He was also the first president to travel to Europe and he further angered Republicans by not including any Republicans in his peace delegation, notably chairman of the senate committee on foreign realations, henry cabot lodge
The Idealist
Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He was forced to compromise between imperialism and his own ideals. He convinced the victors to not take complete control over conquested territories and allowed them to receive them as trustees of the league of nations.
Hammering Out the
Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson,Irreconcilables
16. Whatcompromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Clemenceau settled with Wilson for the Saar basin remaining under the league of nations for fifteen years. In exchange france got the security treaty, which pledged british and american support of france in teh case of a german attack. Wilson also compromised iwth Italy over Fiume and with Italy over Yugoslavia.
The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
He compromised his 14 points to save his league of nations.
The Domestic Parade
of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists severely condemned Wilson and his league of nations. They also abhored the treaty of versailles. They argued that the settlement was not benefictial to america. Irish americans worried about the increase of influence given to the british.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
His purpose was to appeal to the sovereign people over the heads of the split senate. He was received lukewrmly in the midwest and strongly in the rocky mountian and pacific coast.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Wilson was vehemently against the changes made by lodge, which he felt "emasculated" the entire treaty. As a result, Wilson urged all Democrats to vote agianst the treaty.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox,Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
They indicated that there was a strong desire for change from Wilson's policies. Warren Harding, a republican, won the election
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It is partly the fault of the u.s. The peace traeaty could not possibly please all four nations, especially the security treaty with france.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was mostly unrealistic, as he was the first president under which america became involved in a global war. He too quickly tried to change america's foreign policy, which had held steady throughout american history.
George Creel
He was the leader of the Committee of Public Information. His Creel Organization sent out four-minute men to give patriotic pep to encourage the people to support the war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bernard Baruch
He was the head of the War Industries Board, which eventually disbanded after failure.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Henry Cabot Lodge
Like TR, he believed in Darwanism adn that the earth belonged to the strong and fit. He opposed Wilson.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
James M. Cox
He was the Democratic presidential nominee in the election of 1920. Franklin D. Roosevelt was his running mate. He lost the election to Harding.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Self-Determination
It was the idea that people could determine their own government. It was included in Wilsons Fourteen Points.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Collective security
The goal of the Legaue of Nations to ensure independence for all countries.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Normalcy
It describes the shift in America towards the isolation policy following World War 1.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zimmerman Note
It was published in 1917 and revealed the German foreign secretary's plan to propose a German-Mexican alliance. This angered the American people and helped encourage them to join the Allies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fourteen Points
It included the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims. Wilson's fourteen points eventually led to the League of Nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
League of Nations
It was Wilson's proposal and part of the Treaty of Versailles. It was opposed by many Rebublicans, including the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Committee on Public Information
It was created to mobolize people's minds for war. It was led by George Creel, whose job was to use propaganda to get Americans to accept the war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Espionage and Sedition Acts
They were acts passed in response to fear of Germans and anti-war Americans. Under these acts, members of the Industrial Workers of the World and socialists were arrested. Eugene V. Debs was arrested and ran in the election of 1920 from prison.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Industrial Workers of the World
They were a radical group who opposed the war. Under the Espoinage and Sedition Acts, many of them were arrested.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
War Industries Board
It was created to organize industrial production for World War 1. It was led by Bernard Baruch and ultimately failed.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nineteenth Amendment
It was ratified in 1920 and granted female suffrage to women.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Food Administration
It was led by Herbert C. Hoover. The administration helped aid mobilization for war.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Irreconcilables
They were William Borah and Hiram Johnson. They strongly opposed Wilson's League of Nations and favored an insolationist policy.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
It was the peace agreement ending world war 1. It altered many of WIlson's 14 points but kept in tact the League of Nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know:
"Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
German U boats sank four unarmed American merchant in the overt acts. The Zimmerman notes, which revealed Germany's plan to form a German-Mexican alliance, was also published. The fall of the tsar in Russia allowed America to fight wholeheartedly with the allies in pursuit of democracy.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
His goal was "to make the world saft for democracy". This set America apart since it proclaimed that it did not fight for the sake of riches or territorial conquest.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson's Fourteen Points included, an end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created, with George Creel as it's leader. It's job was to mobolize America's minds for war. Creel sent out Four-minute men to spread patriotic pep. Propaganda through movies and songs were also used to gain support for the war.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
The Espionage and Sedition Acts were enforced in response to anti-war Americans. Under these acts thousand of people were imprisoned, such as socialist Eugene V. Debs and Industrial Workers of the World leader William D. Haywood.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
People were unaware of how much resources would be needed for the war. Bernard Baruch led the weak war industies board, whose job was to mobolize for war; it disbanded after the armistice.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The labor movement was crippled during World War 1 as workers were forced to work under the threat of forced enlistment for the unemployed. However, the American Federation of Labor, which supported the war movement, was improved after the war.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women were given more opportunities during the war since men were sent to war and their jobs became open to women. The National Woman's Party was created by Alice Paul; the party opposed the war. The National American Woman's Association supported the was movement. In 1920, the 19th amendment was ratified, ang granted suffrage to all women.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government was somewhat intrusive during the war. Herbert C. Hoover led the FOod administration which encouraged people to conserve resources. For example, he started the idea of "victory gardens" so people would grow their own food. To save food, Hoover proposed wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The draft was more fair than the one implemented during the civil war. It required all men between teh ages eighteen and forty five to register. Also, om substitutes could be paid for by teh wealthy. The only men who were exempt were those involved in key industries, such as shipbuilding.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops were used in an Allied invasion of northern Russia after the Bolshevik's took over and pulled Russia from the war. The purpose was to prevent Japan from taking control of Siberia and to save Czechoslovak troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
America actually had a limited effect on the war effort. They only fought at St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. John J. Pershing led the American forces in the Meuse-Argonne offense.
The Fourteen Points
Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The president made it clear that the kaiser must be removed before an armistice would begin. America mainly contributed to the allied victory by providing food, munition, credit, and oil. The addition of America to the allied side is what demoralized Germany.
Wilson Steps Down
from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. Whatpolitical mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
He appealed for a Democratic victory in teh congressional elections, which ended up in a Republican victory. At the paris peace conference, he was the only member not to have a legislatice majority at home. He was also the first president to travel to Europe and he further angered Republicans by not including any Republicans in his peace delegation, notably chairman of the senate committee on foreign realations, henry cabot lodge
The Idealist
Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He was forced to compromise between imperialism and his own ideals. He convinced the victors to not take complete control over conquested territories and allowed them to receive them as trustees of the league of nations.
Hammering Out the
Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson,Irreconcilables
16. Whatcompromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Clemenceau settled with Wilson for the Saar basin remaining under the league of nations for fifteen years. In exchange france got the security treaty, which pledged british and american support of france in teh case of a german attack. Wilson also compromised iwth Italy over Fiume and with Italy over Yugoslavia.
The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
He compromised his 14 points to save his league of nations.
The Domestic Parade
of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists severely condemned Wilson and his league of nations. They also abhored the treaty of versailles. They argued that the settlement was not benefictial to america. Irish americans worried about the increase of influence given to the british.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
His purpose was to appeal to the sovereign people over the heads of the split senate. He was received lukewrmly in the midwest and strongly in the rocky mountian and pacific coast.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Wilson was vehemently against the changes made by lodge, which he felt "emasculated" the entire treaty. As a result, Wilson urged all Democrats to vote agianst the treaty.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox,Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
They indicated that there was a strong desire for change from Wilson's policies. Warren Harding, a republican, won the election
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It is partly the fault of the u.s. The peace traeaty could not possibly please all four nations, especially the security treaty with france.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was mostly unrealistic, as he was the first president under which america became involved in a global war. He too quickly tried to change america's foreign policy, which had held steady throughout american history.