Chapter #38: IDENTIFCATIONS
Robert F. Kennedy- He was the younger brother of JFK. He served as attorney general whiile his brother was president.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the head of the Department of Defense during JFK's presidency.
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a Civil Rights Activist who advocated for peaceful resistance.
Lee Harvey Oswald- He assassinated Kennedy on November 22, 1963.
Barry Goldwater- He was the Republican senator from Arizona who was nominated for the Republican party for the election of 1964. He ran against Lyndon B. Johnson and lost the election.
Malcolm X- He was a Civil Rights activist who opposed MLKJ's peaceful resistance strategy.
Stokely Carmichael- He was a Civil Rights activist and the leader of the SNCC.
Eugene McCarthy- He was a Democratic senator from Minnesota and the Democratic nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- He was Johnson's vice president and the democratic nominee in the election of 1968.
George Wallace- He was the American party nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Flexible response- It was Kennedy's foreign policy for any conflicts to avoid the use of nuclear weapons.
Credibility Gap- It was the gap between the people and the government that emerged as a result of the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- They were programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. They included the space program to the moon and the peace corp.
Peace Corps- An army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers to bring American skills to
underdeveloped countries.
Alliance of Progress- It was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- Kennedy sent American troops along with Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs. When no one was there to support the raid, Kennedy withdrew air support.
Cuban Missile Crisis- The U.S.S.R. was constructing missile launching sites in Cuba. President Kennedy delivered a public ultimatum to the U.S.S.R which led them to back down and the U.S. promised not to overthrow the Cuban government.
Great Society- President Johnson's policy. It was a continuation of the democratic ideals of FDR's New Deal and Truman's Fair Deal. It was a war on poverty, health care, education, and welfare.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution- It gave the president a blank check to uses for further force in Southeast
Asia.
Civil Right Act of 1964- This act banned racial discrimination in places such as hospitals and
restaurants.
Voting Rights Act- It outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several Southern
states.
Tet Offensive- A campaign in January 1968 by the Viet Cong to attack twenty-seven South
Vietnamese cities.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover,Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
They were new programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. These programs included the space program to the moon and the peace corp.
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
JFK expanded the House Rules Committee, but his program didn't expand quickly, as medical and education bills remained stalled in Congress. JFK also had to keep a lid on inflation and maintain a good economy.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
The Soviets began building the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Germany in 1961. Western Europe prospered after it received aid under the Marshall Plan. America had also encouraged a Common Market which resulted in the formation of the European Union.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
With a policy of flexible response, Kennedy could avoid the use of threat of use of nuclear weapons. He instead utilized Green Berets.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
Defense Secretary McNamara used the strategy of "flexible response," which developed several military options that could match the situation of whatever crises came to hand.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
When the Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred, on April 17, 1961, it failed, as Kennedy did not bring in the air support, and the revolt collapsed. This pushed recently imposed Cuban leader Fidel Castro closer to the communist camp. At the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy was victorious as the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
In the 1960s, groups of Freedom Riders rode buses throughout the South to try to end segregation, but white mobs often reacted violently towards them. This forced Kennedy to fight in defense of the Civil Rights.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
It was only after Kennedy's death that America realized what a charismatic, energetic, and vibrant president they had lost.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Johnson fulfilled Kennedy's Civil Rights Act with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision, aimed to end discriminatory hiring.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was opposed by Republican Arizona senator Barry Goldwater who attacked many aspects of Johnson's presidency such as, the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Johnson created the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), headed by Robert C. Weaver, the first black cabinet secretary in the US history.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Johnson's Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. The 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes, and in the "freedom summer" of 1964, both blacks and white students joined to combat discrimination and racism.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Black riots sprung up around the US. Pro violence leaders such as Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, and Stoklely Carmichael advocated for the use of violence.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Johnson sent more Americans to South Vietnam to fight the Guerrilla Warfare of the VIet Cong in the North.
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
French leader Charles de Gaulle also ordered NATO off French soil in 1966. Protests in America went against the Vietnam War and the draft. Opposition also occured in the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Johnson was personally suffering at the American casualties, and he wept as he signed condolence letters and even prayed with Catholic monks in a nearby church
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was killed, and the Democratic ticket went to Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's "heir." The Republicans responded with Richard Nixon, with Spiro Agnew as the vice presidential candidate.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Lyndon Johnson returned to his Texas ranch and died there in 1973. He had committed Americans into Vietnam, but he was stuck in an unfortunate position with the people.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
His Great Society legislations were a huge success with the people but his commitment to Vietnam fatally hurt his presidency.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
The Young generation questioned American life and wanted change. Drugs, such as LSD, became widespread.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
It was both constructive and destructive. Great strides were made in the area of Civil Rights, while much damage was done overseas in Vietnam.
Robert F. Kennedy- He was the younger brother of JFK. He served as attorney general whiile his brother was president.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the head of the Department of Defense during JFK's presidency.
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a Civil Rights Activist who advocated for peaceful resistance.
Lee Harvey Oswald- He assassinated Kennedy on November 22, 1963.
Barry Goldwater- He was the Republican senator from Arizona who was nominated for the Republican party for the election of 1964. He ran against Lyndon B. Johnson and lost the election.
Malcolm X- He was a Civil Rights activist who opposed MLKJ's peaceful resistance strategy.
Stokely Carmichael- He was a Civil Rights activist and the leader of the SNCC.
Eugene McCarthy- He was a Democratic senator from Minnesota and the Democratic nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- He was Johnson's vice president and the democratic nominee in the election of 1968.
George Wallace- He was the American party nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Flexible response- It was Kennedy's foreign policy for any conflicts to avoid the use of nuclear weapons.
Credibility Gap- It was the gap between the people and the government that emerged as a result of the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- They were programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. They included the space program to the moon and the peace corp.
Peace Corps- An army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers to bring American skills to
underdeveloped countries.
Alliance of Progress- It was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- Kennedy sent American troops along with Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs. When no one was there to support the raid, Kennedy withdrew air support.
Cuban Missile Crisis- The U.S.S.R. was constructing missile launching sites in Cuba. President Kennedy delivered a public ultimatum to the U.S.S.R which led them to back down and the U.S. promised not to overthrow the Cuban government.
Great Society- President Johnson's policy. It was a continuation of the democratic ideals of FDR's New Deal and Truman's Fair Deal. It was a war on poverty, health care, education, and welfare.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution- It gave the president a blank check to uses for further force in Southeast
Asia.
Civil Right Act of 1964- This act banned racial discrimination in places such as hospitals and
restaurants.
Voting Rights Act- It outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several Southern
states.
Tet Offensive- A campaign in January 1968 by the Viet Cong to attack twenty-seven South
Vietnamese cities.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover,Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
They were new programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. These programs included the space program to the moon and the peace corp.
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
JFK expanded the House Rules Committee, but his program didn't expand quickly, as medical and education bills remained stalled in Congress. JFK also had to keep a lid on inflation and maintain a good economy.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
The Soviets began building the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Germany in 1961. Western Europe prospered after it received aid under the Marshall Plan. America had also encouraged a Common Market which resulted in the formation of the European Union.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
With a policy of flexible response, Kennedy could avoid the use of threat of use of nuclear weapons. He instead utilized Green Berets.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
Defense Secretary McNamara used the strategy of "flexible response," which developed several military options that could match the situation of whatever crises came to hand.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
When the Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred, on April 17, 1961, it failed, as Kennedy did not bring in the air support, and the revolt collapsed. This pushed recently imposed Cuban leader Fidel Castro closer to the communist camp. At the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy was victorious as the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
In the 1960s, groups of Freedom Riders rode buses throughout the South to try to end segregation, but white mobs often reacted violently towards them. This forced Kennedy to fight in defense of the Civil Rights.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
It was only after Kennedy's death that America realized what a charismatic, energetic, and vibrant president they had lost.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Johnson fulfilled Kennedy's Civil Rights Act with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision, aimed to end discriminatory hiring.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was opposed by Republican Arizona senator Barry Goldwater who attacked many aspects of Johnson's presidency such as, the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Johnson created the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), headed by Robert C. Weaver, the first black cabinet secretary in the US history.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Johnson's Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. The 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes, and in the "freedom summer" of 1964, both blacks and white students joined to combat discrimination and racism.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Black riots sprung up around the US. Pro violence leaders such as Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, and Stoklely Carmichael advocated for the use of violence.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Johnson sent more Americans to South Vietnam to fight the Guerrilla Warfare of the VIet Cong in the North.
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
French leader Charles de Gaulle also ordered NATO off French soil in 1966. Protests in America went against the Vietnam War and the draft. Opposition also occured in the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Johnson was personally suffering at the American casualties, and he wept as he signed condolence letters and even prayed with Catholic monks in a nearby church
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was killed, and the Democratic ticket went to Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's "heir." The Republicans responded with Richard Nixon, with Spiro Agnew as the vice presidential candidate.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Lyndon Johnson returned to his Texas ranch and died there in 1973. He had committed Americans into Vietnam, but he was stuck in an unfortunate position with the people.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
His Great Society legislations were a huge success with the people but his commitment to Vietnam fatally hurt his presidency.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
The Young generation questioned American life and wanted change. Drugs, such as LSD, became widespread.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
It was both constructive and destructive. Great strides were made in the area of Civil Rights, while much damage was done overseas in Vietnam.