Chapter #36: IDENTIFICATIONS
Joseph McCarthy or “McCarthyism”- He was a Senator from Wisconsin who was known for arresting 205 people for being communists, though he did not have evidence.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- They were accused of being communists and were executed for it.
Adlai Stevenson- He was vice president to Grover Cleaveland. He lost the vice presidency to William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1900.
Richard Nixon- He was president of the United States following Johnson. He left office to avoid impeachment from the Watergate Scandal.
Yalta Conference- A meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Truman where they decided to create a new League of Nations, the United Nations.
United Nations- It was the replacement of the League of Nations. It presumed great power cooperation.
Iron Curtain- It was the blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet Union. The countries behind this curtain were forced to vote communist.
Berlin airlift- It was organized by the US to send food and supplies into Eastern Germany after the Soviet Union implemented the iron curtain.
Containment- It was the policy of the United States in response to Communism. The doctrine was created by George F. Kennan.
Truman Doctrine- It provided $400 million to aid Greece adn Turkey once Britain could no longer do so.
Marshall Plan- It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and it's allies if they made political reforms.
National Security Act- It created the Department of Defense and established the National Securtiy Council and CIA.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- It was a Western European alliance that the US was invited to join to help protect Europe from communism.
Taft-Hartley Act- IT was passed by a republican congress and undid many of labor's gains from the New Deal. It forbade closed shops and made unions liable for damages they incurred from jurisdictional disputes.
Fair Deal- It called for improved housing, full employment, new TVAs, adn an extension of Social Security.
Thirty-eighth parallel- It is the border between North and South Korea.
NSC-68- It was the National Security Council Memorandum Number 68. It stated that the US would quadruple its defense spending.
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
The economy took a downward turn following the war. Labor lossed many of their gains from the New Deal as a result of the Taft Hartley Act. The GI Bill was passed in 1944 and made provisions for sending former soldiers to school.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Women made up a quarter of the American work force at teh end of WW2 and half 50 years later.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
The Second World War was a major contributor to the economic boom. Cheap energy made Americans construct highways and many electricity generating devices. Increased productivity also contributed to increased livings.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
The Sunbelt, covering FLorida and Texas to Arizona and California, increased its population at a rate nearly double of the Frostbelt Northeast.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
The shift towards the suburbs resulted in a boom for the consturction industry. However, inner cites, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest, were abandoned by the white middle class.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
Elementary school enrollments reached an all time high due to the Baby Boom, but then experienced shortage which led to schools being shut down and teachers unemployed.
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
New markets arose due to teh baby boomer generation. BAby products, clothes, and music all experiecned booms as a result of the demand from this generation.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
He was an average man. He was teh first president in many years without a college education as he had farmed and served in France during WW1.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
Critics charged theat Roosevelt had sold out Poland and other Eastern European countries and were upset by his betrayal of Jiang Jieshi when Manchurian contral was handed over to Stalin.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
The US ahd refused to recognize the Sovie Union until it was 16 years old. The sovie Union was skeptical of the US after it delayed opening a second front against Germany. Before the war, both countries were virtually isolated from the rest of the world.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
The International Monetary Fund was created to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) was created to promote economic growth in areas damaged by the war.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
They could not agree on what to do about postwar Germany. The Soviets wanted reperations from Germany but the Amercians knew the country had to be rebuilt. Stalin created an iron curtain, enclosing Eastern Germany and severaly other Eastern European countries behind it.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
Truman implemented a containment policy to prevent the spread of communism. He also passed the Truman doctrine which gave $400 million to Greece adn Turkey to bolster their economies. The Marshall Plan was set up to defend all European countries from the threat of communism.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
The National Security Act created the Department of Defense which created the position of the secretary of defense. The National Securtiy Council was created to adcise the president of security matters.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
In Japan, MacArthur attained success once the Japanese realized that good behavior and the adoption of democracy would end occupation. In China, a civil war errupted between the nationalists and communists.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
TRuman's loyalty program consisted of 90 supposedly disloyal organizations who were not given the opportunity to prove their innocence. Loyalty oaths were demanded of employees. The Smith Act of 1940 was the first peacetime antisedition law since 1798. The Supreme Court upheld the act in Dennis v. United States.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Southern democrats split with the North over reelecting Truman. 13 Southern Democratic states met in Birmingham adn nominated J. Strom Thurmond.
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
As a result of teh Korean War, American millitary expanded. The National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 stated that the US would quadruple its defense spending.
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
MacArthur was outraged once Washington policy makers refused to put more resources into the Korean War. MacArthur began to publicly condemn Truman and was thus removed from his post.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20 What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
The aggressive Soviets were solely responsible. America was only defending itself in it's actions, not expanding for their own benefit.
Joseph McCarthy or “McCarthyism”- He was a Senator from Wisconsin who was known for arresting 205 people for being communists, though he did not have evidence.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- They were accused of being communists and were executed for it.
Adlai Stevenson- He was vice president to Grover Cleaveland. He lost the vice presidency to William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1900.
Richard Nixon- He was president of the United States following Johnson. He left office to avoid impeachment from the Watergate Scandal.
Yalta Conference- A meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Truman where they decided to create a new League of Nations, the United Nations.
United Nations- It was the replacement of the League of Nations. It presumed great power cooperation.
Iron Curtain- It was the blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet Union. The countries behind this curtain were forced to vote communist.
Berlin airlift- It was organized by the US to send food and supplies into Eastern Germany after the Soviet Union implemented the iron curtain.
Containment- It was the policy of the United States in response to Communism. The doctrine was created by George F. Kennan.
Truman Doctrine- It provided $400 million to aid Greece adn Turkey once Britain could no longer do so.
Marshall Plan- It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and it's allies if they made political reforms.
National Security Act- It created the Department of Defense and established the National Securtiy Council and CIA.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- It was a Western European alliance that the US was invited to join to help protect Europe from communism.
Taft-Hartley Act- IT was passed by a republican congress and undid many of labor's gains from the New Deal. It forbade closed shops and made unions liable for damages they incurred from jurisdictional disputes.
Fair Deal- It called for improved housing, full employment, new TVAs, adn an extension of Social Security.
Thirty-eighth parallel- It is the border between North and South Korea.
NSC-68- It was the National Security Council Memorandum Number 68. It stated that the US would quadruple its defense spending.
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
The economy took a downward turn following the war. Labor lossed many of their gains from the New Deal as a result of the Taft Hartley Act. The GI Bill was passed in 1944 and made provisions for sending former soldiers to school.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Women made up a quarter of the American work force at teh end of WW2 and half 50 years later.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
The Second World War was a major contributor to the economic boom. Cheap energy made Americans construct highways and many electricity generating devices. Increased productivity also contributed to increased livings.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
The Sunbelt, covering FLorida and Texas to Arizona and California, increased its population at a rate nearly double of the Frostbelt Northeast.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
The shift towards the suburbs resulted in a boom for the consturction industry. However, inner cites, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest, were abandoned by the white middle class.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
Elementary school enrollments reached an all time high due to the Baby Boom, but then experienced shortage which led to schools being shut down and teachers unemployed.
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
New markets arose due to teh baby boomer generation. BAby products, clothes, and music all experiecned booms as a result of the demand from this generation.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
He was an average man. He was teh first president in many years without a college education as he had farmed and served in France during WW1.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
Critics charged theat Roosevelt had sold out Poland and other Eastern European countries and were upset by his betrayal of Jiang Jieshi when Manchurian contral was handed over to Stalin.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
The US ahd refused to recognize the Sovie Union until it was 16 years old. The sovie Union was skeptical of the US after it delayed opening a second front against Germany. Before the war, both countries were virtually isolated from the rest of the world.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
The International Monetary Fund was created to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) was created to promote economic growth in areas damaged by the war.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
They could not agree on what to do about postwar Germany. The Soviets wanted reperations from Germany but the Amercians knew the country had to be rebuilt. Stalin created an iron curtain, enclosing Eastern Germany and severaly other Eastern European countries behind it.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
Truman implemented a containment policy to prevent the spread of communism. He also passed the Truman doctrine which gave $400 million to Greece adn Turkey to bolster their economies. The Marshall Plan was set up to defend all European countries from the threat of communism.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
The National Security Act created the Department of Defense which created the position of the secretary of defense. The National Securtiy Council was created to adcise the president of security matters.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
In Japan, MacArthur attained success once the Japanese realized that good behavior and the adoption of democracy would end occupation. In China, a civil war errupted between the nationalists and communists.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
TRuman's loyalty program consisted of 90 supposedly disloyal organizations who were not given the opportunity to prove their innocence. Loyalty oaths were demanded of employees. The Smith Act of 1940 was the first peacetime antisedition law since 1798. The Supreme Court upheld the act in Dennis v. United States.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Southern democrats split with the North over reelecting Truman. 13 Southern Democratic states met in Birmingham adn nominated J. Strom Thurmond.
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
As a result of teh Korean War, American millitary expanded. The National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 stated that the US would quadruple its defense spending.
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
MacArthur was outraged once Washington policy makers refused to put more resources into the Korean War. MacArthur began to publicly condemn Truman and was thus removed from his post.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20 What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
The aggressive Soviets were solely responsible. America was only defending itself in it's actions, not expanding for their own benefit.