Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt. She took a very active stance in government policy and is considered one of the most active first ladies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Harry Hopkins
He was the head of several New Deal legislations, such as the FERA and the CWA.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Frances Perkins
As the Secretary of Labor, she was the first female cabinet member.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Father Coughlin
He was called the "microphone messiah." His slogan was "Social Justice." He was opposed to FDR's new Deal programs and as a result of his anti-semitism he was silenced by his superiors.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Huey Long
He was a Senator and opponent of the New Deal.. His program was called "Share Our Wealth" by which he planned to make "ëvery man a king" by taking money from the rich to give $5000 to every family.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Francis Townshend
He was a doctor who pledged to give $200 to every person over 60, with the contingency that it all be spent in that month.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Harold Ickes
He was the head of the PWA.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alfred M. Landon
He was the Republican candidate for presidency in the 1936 election against FDR.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Brain Trust(s)
They were young scholars, mostly professors, who FDR was criticized of using ot write his speeches.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The three R's
FDR's three R's were relief, recovery, and reform.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
National Labor Relation Board
It was created by the Wagner Act and ensured self-organization for labor.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Congress of Industrial Organizations
It was a labor group dedicated, for the first time, to the unskilled laborer. It was led by John Lewis.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Liberty League
It was a group of wealthy conservatives who organized against socialistic New Deal legislations. They backed Landon in the election of 1936.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Court-packing scheme
It was FDR's plan to get rid of the more conservative justices on the Supreme Court. His plan was to add a new justice for every justice on the Supreme Court who was over the age of 70 and would not retire.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter #33 Guided Reading
Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
He was born to a rich New York family and was the 5th cousin of TR. Early in his life he was described as tall, charming, and handsome. In 1921 he contracted polio and was bound to a wheelchair. It was in his recovery that he gained sympathy with the "forgotten man" who he ofter referenced in his speeches. His wife, Eleanor, was considered one of the most active first ladies in history.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt directed his campaign towards the "forgotten man" with his New Deal plans. He proved to people that he was not an invalid and also attacked President Hoover's overabundance in spending, which FDR claimed brought on the Depression.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Hoover lost the election 472 to 59 electoral votes. THere was also a shift in African American votes from the Republican party to the Democratic party.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal aimed at relief, recovery, and reform. It embraced many Progressive ideals such as: unemployment insurance, old age insurance, minimum wage regulations, conservation of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
He wanted to create inflation so that there would be more paper money in circulation, which would allow people to pay their debts. The Emergency Banking Relief Act regulated bank transactions and managed currency.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
The CCC was created to employ young men in fresh air government camps. They worked mainly with reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and swamp drainage. The FERA was aimed to immediately relieve rather than recover long term. The CWA employed people during the winter.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Father Coughlin was the "microphone messiah" who preached his views on anti-New Deal and anti-semitism. Huey Long was also anti-New Deal and proposed a plan to give every family $5000 by takiing money from the rich. Dr. Townsend pledged to give all people over the age of 60 $200 every month as long as they spent it that month.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
There were political opportunities for women, as shown in Secretary of Labor, Francis Perkins and highest ranking African American in Roosevelt's administration, Mary McLeod Bethune showed. THe field of anthropolagy was also claimed by women as Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead claimed success. Pearl S. Buck was an acclaimed novelist was wrote The Good Earth and who won the Nobel Prize.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
It tried to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform. The NRA granted labor benefits, such as the right to organize and bargain collectively. It was dissolved by the Supreme Court Schechter sick chicken decision.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was established and bought surpluses of crops from farmers for parity prices. The Soil Conservation and Domstic Allotment Act payed farmers to plant soil-conserving crops. THe Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1938 and stipulated that farmers who observed acreage restrictions would be eligible for parity payments.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know:Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
The trans-Mississippi Great Plans experienced drought. The Dust Bowl occurred between easter Colorado to western Missouri. People from Oklahoma and Arkansas, "Okies and Arkies", moved to southern California in search of work.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things were the same in terms of the conditions of the valley: arid climate, cotton growing, new found oil deposits, and abundant land. California had more economic opportunities, though eventually signs advertising the lack of jobs in California were posted. Prior to the Depression, California was marketed as the land where life of leisure and plenty could be found.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
THe Hundred Days Congress passed the Federal Securities Act, which made investors ensure the soundness of their socks and bonds. Congress also authorized the Securties and Exchange Commission, which managed stock markets.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
Arguments for the TVA project said that it would be beneficial in many ways; it would give thousands of people employment and would reform strong monopolies. Critics argued that the low cost of TVA power was a result of dihonest bookeeping and the absence of taxes.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The Federal Housing Administration provided small loans to house holders. The Social Security Act provided insurance for old age, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquet children, and other dependents.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
The Wagner Act was created and established the National Labor Relations Board, which protected the right of labor to engage in self-organization. The Committee for Industrial Organization was the first to champion the unskilled worker. In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, which established fair hours and wages.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
In the election of 1936, Republican candidate Aflred M. Landon ran against FDR. He won only two states while the Democrats claimed the majority in the House. This election marked the year in which Lincoln was officially dead, as the black allegiance to the Republican party ended.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
Six of the nine justices on the Supreme Court were over the age of 70. The older judges were more conservative than FDR liked, and shot down many of his New Deal reforms.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
FDR was vilified for having attempted to disrupt the delicate checks and balances system of the three branches of government. Justice Owen J. Roberts, a former conservative, shifted to embrace FDR's legislations and became more liberal. The National Labor Relations Act and the Social Security Act were both upheld by the Supreme Court. The retirement of an old justice resulted in FDR appointing New Deal supporter, Hugo Black.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
Roosevelt was somewhat successful. He did reduce unemployment rates to 15%, though that was still painfully high. His New Deal seemed to be having moderate success. Critics called it the "Roosevelt Recession" when in 1937, the economy took a sharp downturn as a result of the Social Security taxes. FDR soon embraced the theories of John Maynard Keynes, and announced his program for planned deficit spending.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
Least fair would be the criticism of FDR's "bureaucratic meddling" and "regimentation" when the government did help with employment through several legislations. Most fair would be the criticism of FDR's promised budget balancing as the national debt doubled.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should
focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
He meant that the New Deal was not too extreme or conservative, but it accurately met the needs of the people during the Great Depression.
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt. She took a very active stance in government policy and is considered one of the most active first ladies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Harry Hopkins
He was the head of several New Deal legislations, such as the FERA and the CWA.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Frances Perkins
As the Secretary of Labor, she was the first female cabinet member.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Father Coughlin
He was called the "microphone messiah." His slogan was "Social Justice." He was opposed to FDR's new Deal programs and as a result of his anti-semitism he was silenced by his superiors.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Huey Long
He was a Senator and opponent of the New Deal.. His program was called "Share Our Wealth" by which he planned to make "ëvery man a king" by taking money from the rich to give $5000 to every family.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Francis Townshend
He was a doctor who pledged to give $200 to every person over 60, with the contingency that it all be spent in that month.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Harold Ickes
He was the head of the PWA.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alfred M. Landon
He was the Republican candidate for presidency in the 1936 election against FDR.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Brain Trust(s)
They were young scholars, mostly professors, who FDR was criticized of using ot write his speeches.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The three R's
FDR's three R's were relief, recovery, and reform.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
National Labor Relation Board
It was created by the Wagner Act and ensured self-organization for labor.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Congress of Industrial Organizations
It was a labor group dedicated, for the first time, to the unskilled laborer. It was led by John Lewis.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Liberty League
It was a group of wealthy conservatives who organized against socialistic New Deal legislations. They backed Landon in the election of 1936.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Court-packing scheme
It was FDR's plan to get rid of the more conservative justices on the Supreme Court. His plan was to add a new justice for every justice on the Supreme Court who was over the age of 70 and would not retire.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter #33 Guided Reading
Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
He was born to a rich New York family and was the 5th cousin of TR. Early in his life he was described as tall, charming, and handsome. In 1921 he contracted polio and was bound to a wheelchair. It was in his recovery that he gained sympathy with the "forgotten man" who he ofter referenced in his speeches. His wife, Eleanor, was considered one of the most active first ladies in history.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt directed his campaign towards the "forgotten man" with his New Deal plans. He proved to people that he was not an invalid and also attacked President Hoover's overabundance in spending, which FDR claimed brought on the Depression.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Hoover lost the election 472 to 59 electoral votes. THere was also a shift in African American votes from the Republican party to the Democratic party.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal aimed at relief, recovery, and reform. It embraced many Progressive ideals such as: unemployment insurance, old age insurance, minimum wage regulations, conservation of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
He wanted to create inflation so that there would be more paper money in circulation, which would allow people to pay their debts. The Emergency Banking Relief Act regulated bank transactions and managed currency.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
The CCC was created to employ young men in fresh air government camps. They worked mainly with reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and swamp drainage. The FERA was aimed to immediately relieve rather than recover long term. The CWA employed people during the winter.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Father Coughlin was the "microphone messiah" who preached his views on anti-New Deal and anti-semitism. Huey Long was also anti-New Deal and proposed a plan to give every family $5000 by takiing money from the rich. Dr. Townsend pledged to give all people over the age of 60 $200 every month as long as they spent it that month.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
There were political opportunities for women, as shown in Secretary of Labor, Francis Perkins and highest ranking African American in Roosevelt's administration, Mary McLeod Bethune showed. THe field of anthropolagy was also claimed by women as Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead claimed success. Pearl S. Buck was an acclaimed novelist was wrote The Good Earth and who won the Nobel Prize.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
It tried to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform. The NRA granted labor benefits, such as the right to organize and bargain collectively. It was dissolved by the Supreme Court Schechter sick chicken decision.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was established and bought surpluses of crops from farmers for parity prices. The Soil Conservation and Domstic Allotment Act payed farmers to plant soil-conserving crops. THe Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1938 and stipulated that farmers who observed acreage restrictions would be eligible for parity payments.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know:Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
The trans-Mississippi Great Plans experienced drought. The Dust Bowl occurred between easter Colorado to western Missouri. People from Oklahoma and Arkansas, "Okies and Arkies", moved to southern California in search of work.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things were the same in terms of the conditions of the valley: arid climate, cotton growing, new found oil deposits, and abundant land. California had more economic opportunities, though eventually signs advertising the lack of jobs in California were posted. Prior to the Depression, California was marketed as the land where life of leisure and plenty could be found.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
THe Hundred Days Congress passed the Federal Securities Act, which made investors ensure the soundness of their socks and bonds. Congress also authorized the Securties and Exchange Commission, which managed stock markets.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
Arguments for the TVA project said that it would be beneficial in many ways; it would give thousands of people employment and would reform strong monopolies. Critics argued that the low cost of TVA power was a result of dihonest bookeeping and the absence of taxes.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The Federal Housing Administration provided small loans to house holders. The Social Security Act provided insurance for old age, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquet children, and other dependents.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
The Wagner Act was created and established the National Labor Relations Board, which protected the right of labor to engage in self-organization. The Committee for Industrial Organization was the first to champion the unskilled worker. In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, which established fair hours and wages.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
In the election of 1936, Republican candidate Aflred M. Landon ran against FDR. He won only two states while the Democrats claimed the majority in the House. This election marked the year in which Lincoln was officially dead, as the black allegiance to the Republican party ended.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
Six of the nine justices on the Supreme Court were over the age of 70. The older judges were more conservative than FDR liked, and shot down many of his New Deal reforms.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
FDR was vilified for having attempted to disrupt the delicate checks and balances system of the three branches of government. Justice Owen J. Roberts, a former conservative, shifted to embrace FDR's legislations and became more liberal. The National Labor Relations Act and the Social Security Act were both upheld by the Supreme Court. The retirement of an old justice resulted in FDR appointing New Deal supporter, Hugo Black.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
Roosevelt was somewhat successful. He did reduce unemployment rates to 15%, though that was still painfully high. His New Deal seemed to be having moderate success. Critics called it the "Roosevelt Recession" when in 1937, the economy took a sharp downturn as a result of the Social Security taxes. FDR soon embraced the theories of John Maynard Keynes, and announced his program for planned deficit spending.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
Least fair would be the criticism of FDR's "bureaucratic meddling" and "regimentation" when the government did help with employment through several legislations. Most fair would be the criticism of FDR's promised budget balancing as the national debt doubled.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should
focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
He meant that the New Deal was not too extreme or conservative, but it accurately met the needs of the people during the Great Depression.