Chapter #32 Identifications
Andrew Mellon
He was the secretary of treasury during Harding's administration.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Herbert Hoover
He won the 1928 election as teh Republican candidate for presidency, defeating Alfred E. Smith.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Albert B. Fall
He was the Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. His corruption was revealed in the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which he sold oil reserves illegally.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Robert LaFollette
He was the Progressive candidate for presidency in ithe election of 1924. He was supported by the American Federation of Labor, Socialists, and farmers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alfred E. Smith
He was the Democratic candidate for presidency in the election of 1928. He lost the election because he was Roman Catholic and because he drank.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ohio Gang
They were friends of Harding, who tarnished his presidency with their corruption.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Washington Conference
It was the Disarmament Conference held by the US that established a ten year holiday on the construction of battleships. All major naval powers were invited with the exception of communist Russia.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kellogg-Briand Pact
It was also known as the Pact of Paris. It declared war to be illegal and was eventually signed by 62 nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
It raised tariffs by 38%. It was higher than the Underwood Tarriff and nearly matched the Payne Aldrich tarriff
Teapot Dome Scandal
It tarnished the reputation of Washington. Albert B. Fall was revealed to have leased oil reserves illegally to oilmen for bribes.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dawes Plan
It set up a loan system between Germany and the US. It was ineffective since it set up a cycle in which the US would give money to Germany, who would then repay loans to Britain and France, who would return the money to the US.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
It raied the tariff to 60%. It was the highest peacetime tariff. It caused repercusions both domestically and internationally, as international trade suffered as a result of this tariff.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
It was established by Congress and aided insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state governments.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bonus Army
It was made up of veterans who demanded money for fighting in the war. They marched to the Capitol and set up an unsanitrary Hooverville. They were eventually broken up by military intervention.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
It was a result of Japan's attack on Manchuria. It stated that the US would not recognize any territory taken by force.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
He hated to hurt people's feelings which left him vulnerable to manipulation by the corrupt, such as Senatro Albert B. Fall and attorney general Harry M. Daugherty.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
The Harding administration sought to improve upon the old concept of laissez-faire and keep government from controlling businesses, and rather to help guide them to success. Under Harding, anti-trust laws were often ignored, as shown in the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was largely run by men involved in the railroad industry.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The War Industries Board was dismantled, as well as all the corporations set up to aid wartime industries. The government swiftly tried to get out of business, such as with the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act, which encouraged the private consolidation of railroads. The Merchant Marine Act authorized the Shipping Board to dismantle vessels built in wartime. The American Legion, consisting of veteran soldiers, fought for the money they felt they deserved for leaving their jobs to fight in the war. This resulted in the Adjusted Compensation Act which established an insurance policy for ex-soldiers.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The US arranged the "Disarmament" Conference in which every major naval power, with the exception of Russia, was invited. The Five-Power Naval treaty established a 5:5:3 ratio for US, British, and Japanese ships. The Four Power Naval Treaty pledged the US, Britain, France. and Japan to preserve the status quo in the pacific. The Nine Power Treaty permanetly sealed the Open Door Policy in China. Furthermore, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by 62 nations and pledged the end of all war.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The Fordney-McCumber Tarriff Law increased tariff rates to 38.5%. As a result, goods in Europe were unable to be sold which meant that Europe could not pay the US back in it's debt from the war.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Under Harding's administration, the Teapot Dome scandal scathed Washington's reputation. Senator Albert B. Fall was caught leasing valuable oil properties to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny. Additionally, attorney general Daugherty was caught selling pardons and liquor permits.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Coolidge was a very cautious president. His moto, similar to his predecesor, was very hands off and he let businesses regulate themselves.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The end of the war signified the end of high selling prices for crops. The development of the gasoline-engine tractor revolutionized farming. The Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmers from antitrust prosecution. The McNary-Haugen Bill kept agricultural prices high through government purchasing surpluses.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
The Democratic party was badly split, which resulted in the nomination of John W. Davis. Robert La Follette resumed the progressive party, and received a decent amount of popular votes.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
European countries argued that they had sacrificed many lives in comparison to the late participationg US. They also argued that their business to America led to the boom of America's wartime economy. They also argued that with the new high tarriffs in place, it would be impossible to repay their debt.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
France and Britain demanded from Germany reperations to then repay America back it's debt. The Dawes plan established a financial system between Germany and America, which only resulted in the cycle of money from America to Germany to France and Britain and then back to America.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, andRuin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Alfred E. Smith was unliked mainly because he drank alcohol and was a Roman Catholic. Furthermore, Herbert Hoover had a much more likeable personality which he showed by means of radio. Herbert Hoover was also a symbol of the American dream, as he was a self-made man who came from nothing.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
In the long run his legislations passed did not help the economy. He [assed teh Agricultural Marketing Act which set up the Federal Farm Board, which lent money to farmers trying to buy, sell, and store surpluses. The Farm Board then created teh Grain Stabilization Corp. and the Cotton Stabilization Corp., both of which failed after continuously buying surpluses. The Hawley-Smoot Tarriff of 1930 raised tarriffs to about 60%. This created economic problems worldwide.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
A business depression at home and abroad occured. By the end of 1930, over4 million Amercians were unemployed. More then five thousand banks closed within the first three years of the depression. Women also had less babies during this era.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
Money was going to investors instead of salaries. Overexpansion of credit overstimulated production. A prominent Vienna banking house collapsed. There was a lack of international trade; a result of the Fordney McCumber Tarriff adn teh Hawley Smoot Tarriff. There was also a drought in the Mississippi Valley.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
He did not agree with laissez faire and did not pass legislations that could have improved the Great Depression. He used money to construct things that would benefit the country as a whole, such as the Hoover Dam. By the end of his term he started to pass legislation that aided the people.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
His reputation is deserved for his actions against the Bonus Army. He put down their protest with military intervention. He was anti laissez faire and prosecuted gangsters. He vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill as he believed that the government should not by in competition with citizens.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The bonus army marched to the capital demanding immediate pay for their military service. Hoover ordered the evacuation of the army, and used soldiers to remove them from the capitol.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The Japanese violate the Open Door policy when they attacked Manchuria, but the League of Nations did not act because the US was not a member of the league and the depression had weakened many countries. Also, the league did not act because they were not confidant of American support.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Hoover wanted to move away from Roosevelt's corollary version of foreign policy. He withdrew American troops from Haiti and Nicaragua and pursued a Good Neighbor policy towards Latin America.
Andrew Mellon
He was the secretary of treasury during Harding's administration.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Herbert Hoover
He won the 1928 election as teh Republican candidate for presidency, defeating Alfred E. Smith.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Albert B. Fall
He was the Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. His corruption was revealed in the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which he sold oil reserves illegally.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Robert LaFollette
He was the Progressive candidate for presidency in ithe election of 1924. He was supported by the American Federation of Labor, Socialists, and farmers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alfred E. Smith
He was the Democratic candidate for presidency in the election of 1928. He lost the election because he was Roman Catholic and because he drank.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ohio Gang
They were friends of Harding, who tarnished his presidency with their corruption.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Washington Conference
It was the Disarmament Conference held by the US that established a ten year holiday on the construction of battleships. All major naval powers were invited with the exception of communist Russia.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kellogg-Briand Pact
It was also known as the Pact of Paris. It declared war to be illegal and was eventually signed by 62 nations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
It raised tariffs by 38%. It was higher than the Underwood Tarriff and nearly matched the Payne Aldrich tarriff
Teapot Dome Scandal
It tarnished the reputation of Washington. Albert B. Fall was revealed to have leased oil reserves illegally to oilmen for bribes.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dawes Plan
It set up a loan system between Germany and the US. It was ineffective since it set up a cycle in which the US would give money to Germany, who would then repay loans to Britain and France, who would return the money to the US.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
It raied the tariff to 60%. It was the highest peacetime tariff. It caused repercusions both domestically and internationally, as international trade suffered as a result of this tariff.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
It was established by Congress and aided insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state governments.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bonus Army
It was made up of veterans who demanded money for fighting in the war. They marched to the Capitol and set up an unsanitrary Hooverville. They were eventually broken up by military intervention.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
It was a result of Japan's attack on Manchuria. It stated that the US would not recognize any territory taken by force.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
He hated to hurt people's feelings which left him vulnerable to manipulation by the corrupt, such as Senatro Albert B. Fall and attorney general Harry M. Daugherty.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
The Harding administration sought to improve upon the old concept of laissez-faire and keep government from controlling businesses, and rather to help guide them to success. Under Harding, anti-trust laws were often ignored, as shown in the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was largely run by men involved in the railroad industry.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The War Industries Board was dismantled, as well as all the corporations set up to aid wartime industries. The government swiftly tried to get out of business, such as with the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act, which encouraged the private consolidation of railroads. The Merchant Marine Act authorized the Shipping Board to dismantle vessels built in wartime. The American Legion, consisting of veteran soldiers, fought for the money they felt they deserved for leaving their jobs to fight in the war. This resulted in the Adjusted Compensation Act which established an insurance policy for ex-soldiers.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The US arranged the "Disarmament" Conference in which every major naval power, with the exception of Russia, was invited. The Five-Power Naval treaty established a 5:5:3 ratio for US, British, and Japanese ships. The Four Power Naval Treaty pledged the US, Britain, France. and Japan to preserve the status quo in the pacific. The Nine Power Treaty permanetly sealed the Open Door Policy in China. Furthermore, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by 62 nations and pledged the end of all war.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The Fordney-McCumber Tarriff Law increased tariff rates to 38.5%. As a result, goods in Europe were unable to be sold which meant that Europe could not pay the US back in it's debt from the war.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Under Harding's administration, the Teapot Dome scandal scathed Washington's reputation. Senator Albert B. Fall was caught leasing valuable oil properties to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny. Additionally, attorney general Daugherty was caught selling pardons and liquor permits.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Coolidge was a very cautious president. His moto, similar to his predecesor, was very hands off and he let businesses regulate themselves.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The end of the war signified the end of high selling prices for crops. The development of the gasoline-engine tractor revolutionized farming. The Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmers from antitrust prosecution. The McNary-Haugen Bill kept agricultural prices high through government purchasing surpluses.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
The Democratic party was badly split, which resulted in the nomination of John W. Davis. Robert La Follette resumed the progressive party, and received a decent amount of popular votes.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
European countries argued that they had sacrificed many lives in comparison to the late participationg US. They also argued that their business to America led to the boom of America's wartime economy. They also argued that with the new high tarriffs in place, it would be impossible to repay their debt.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
France and Britain demanded from Germany reperations to then repay America back it's debt. The Dawes plan established a financial system between Germany and America, which only resulted in the cycle of money from America to Germany to France and Britain and then back to America.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, andRuin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Alfred E. Smith was unliked mainly because he drank alcohol and was a Roman Catholic. Furthermore, Herbert Hoover had a much more likeable personality which he showed by means of radio. Herbert Hoover was also a symbol of the American dream, as he was a self-made man who came from nothing.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
In the long run his legislations passed did not help the economy. He [assed teh Agricultural Marketing Act which set up the Federal Farm Board, which lent money to farmers trying to buy, sell, and store surpluses. The Farm Board then created teh Grain Stabilization Corp. and the Cotton Stabilization Corp., both of which failed after continuously buying surpluses. The Hawley-Smoot Tarriff of 1930 raised tarriffs to about 60%. This created economic problems worldwide.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
A business depression at home and abroad occured. By the end of 1930, over4 million Amercians were unemployed. More then five thousand banks closed within the first three years of the depression. Women also had less babies during this era.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
Money was going to investors instead of salaries. Overexpansion of credit overstimulated production. A prominent Vienna banking house collapsed. There was a lack of international trade; a result of the Fordney McCumber Tarriff adn teh Hawley Smoot Tarriff. There was also a drought in the Mississippi Valley.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
He did not agree with laissez faire and did not pass legislations that could have improved the Great Depression. He used money to construct things that would benefit the country as a whole, such as the Hoover Dam. By the end of his term he started to pass legislation that aided the people.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
His reputation is deserved for his actions against the Bonus Army. He put down their protest with military intervention. He was anti laissez faire and prosecuted gangsters. He vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill as he believed that the government should not by in competition with citizens.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The bonus army marched to the capital demanding immediate pay for their military service. Hoover ordered the evacuation of the army, and used soldiers to remove them from the capitol.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The Japanese violate the Open Door policy when they attacked Manchuria, but the League of Nations did not act because the US was not a member of the league and the depression had weakened many countries. Also, the league did not act because they were not confidant of American support.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Hoover wanted to move away from Roosevelt's corollary version of foreign policy. He withdrew American troops from Haiti and Nicaragua and pursued a Good Neighbor policy towards Latin America.