Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS
Nuremburg Trials - They were trials held by the Allies to hold prominent members of Nazi Germany accountable for their actions.
Cordell Hull - He was the Secretary of State under FDR. He was responsible for bringing together the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act.
Winston Churchill - He was the prime minister of England. He and FDR met at the Atlantic Conference to outline peace after the war and established the Atlantic Charter.
Charles Lindbergh - He was a prominant aviator and an outspoken member of America first.
Good Neighbor Policy - A policy FDR sought to achieve by getting rid of TR's modifications to the Monroe Doctrine. FDR enforced this policy by removing US troops from several Latin American countries.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act - It activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers. It amended the worst parts of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. This act allowed FDR to lower rates by 50% as long as the other country did so as well.
Rome-Berlin Axis - It was an alliance between Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini.
Nye Committee - It was set up to investigate the conspiracy that American bankers and arms manufacturers caused the war to make money.
Neutrality Acts - They were passed by FDR in 1935, 1936, and 1937 and stipulated that when the president proclaimed war restrictions would be implemented.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact - It was signed on August 23, 1939 and signified that Gerany could make war on Poland and other Western democracies without fear of retalliation from the Soviet Union.
"cash and carry" - It was America's policy after the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed. It allowed European democracies to buy American war supplies as long as they paid for them in cash and transported them in their own ships.
America First Committee - It was a nonintervention group who believed that America should stay completely out of the war.
Lend-Lease Act - It was called an act further to promote the defense of the united states. It sent a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression. America supported this act because it kept them out of the war.
Atlantic Charter - It was a result of FDR and Churchill's Atlantic Conference. It was an eight-point charter that closely resembled Wilson's 14 points. It stipulated the goal of democracy after the war.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know:London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
It stengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism and set back international cooperation. It also led to the rise of dictators who nobody attempted to stop when they had the chance.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
America was pursuing a nonintervention policy as it corrolated with FDR's good neighbor policy. America wanted to free itself from the Philippines to achieve isolation.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Yes it was as it seperated itself from Europe and withdrew from Asia and Latin America. At the seventh pan american conference, the US delegation formally endorsed nonintervention.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Yes because they stimulated trade which resulted in a boom in international trade. Hull's logic behind the act was that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
In Europe totalitarian regimes were gaining power. In the USSR, Joseph Stalin emerged as dictator. In Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power. Adolf Hitler, the most dangerous of all the dictators, took control of Nazi Germany.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
They stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of foreign war, restrictions would automatically be put in place. No American could sail on a belligerent ships nor could they sell or transport muniotions to a belligerent.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
Fascist Francisco Franco was aided by both Mussolini and Hitler which led to the Loyalist government in Spain to be oerthrown. Congress refused to send munitions to Spain to continue with their nonintervention policy.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
In 1937, Japan attaced China at the Marco Polo Bridge which led to FDR giving his Quarantine Speech. In December 1937, Japan bombed and sank the American gunboat the Panay. In Germany, Hitler marched into the demilitarized Rhineland, forbidden by the treaty following World War 1, and took it without ramifications from France or England.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
The US still tried to pursue their policy of isolation. The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed the US to sell war materials to Eurpoean democracies on the basis of cash and carry. Eurpean democracies could purchase munitions from America as long as they paid in cash and transported the materials on their own ships.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
FDR convinced Congress to reserve $37 billion to build airfleets and a navy. Congress also passed a conscription law. The Havana Conference was held and shared the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine with the New World neighbors of the US.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
The immigration law of 1924 established strict quotas for immigrants. The high number of the unemployed during the Depression also led to people shutting down the idea of more immigration.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
Interventionists established the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies and the isolationists formed the America First Committee.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
The Republican candidate for president was former Democrat Wendell Wilkie. FDR broke the two term tradition of the presidency and ran for and won a third term as president.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Some believed that it was ridiculuous to lend something and then get it returned as used and worn out. Others supported it because it continued to keep America out of the war. It was called the blank check bill by opponents. It marked the end of a pretense of US neutrality.
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
FDR made military supplies available to the Soviet Union. He also extended $1 billion to the lend lease. He and Churchill met at the Atlantic Conference to outline democratic goals for life after the war.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
Because England could not safely transport munitions without first being attcked by German submarines, America had to escort the weapons to England. As a result, American ships, such as the Greer, Kearny, and Reuben James, were all attacked by German U-boats. The stipulations of the Neutrality Act of 1939 were therefore removed and merchant ships were allowed to be armed.
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
It was gradual as the US entered long after Britain and France had declared war. What forced the US to enter war was the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor.
Nuremburg Trials - They were trials held by the Allies to hold prominent members of Nazi Germany accountable for their actions.
Cordell Hull - He was the Secretary of State under FDR. He was responsible for bringing together the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act.
Winston Churchill - He was the prime minister of England. He and FDR met at the Atlantic Conference to outline peace after the war and established the Atlantic Charter.
Charles Lindbergh - He was a prominant aviator and an outspoken member of America first.
Good Neighbor Policy - A policy FDR sought to achieve by getting rid of TR's modifications to the Monroe Doctrine. FDR enforced this policy by removing US troops from several Latin American countries.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act - It activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers. It amended the worst parts of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. This act allowed FDR to lower rates by 50% as long as the other country did so as well.
Rome-Berlin Axis - It was an alliance between Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini.
Nye Committee - It was set up to investigate the conspiracy that American bankers and arms manufacturers caused the war to make money.
Neutrality Acts - They were passed by FDR in 1935, 1936, and 1937 and stipulated that when the president proclaimed war restrictions would be implemented.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact - It was signed on August 23, 1939 and signified that Gerany could make war on Poland and other Western democracies without fear of retalliation from the Soviet Union.
"cash and carry" - It was America's policy after the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed. It allowed European democracies to buy American war supplies as long as they paid for them in cash and transported them in their own ships.
America First Committee - It was a nonintervention group who believed that America should stay completely out of the war.
Lend-Lease Act - It was called an act further to promote the defense of the united states. It sent a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression. America supported this act because it kept them out of the war.
Atlantic Charter - It was a result of FDR and Churchill's Atlantic Conference. It was an eight-point charter that closely resembled Wilson's 14 points. It stipulated the goal of democracy after the war.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know:London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
It stengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism and set back international cooperation. It also led to the rise of dictators who nobody attempted to stop when they had the chance.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
America was pursuing a nonintervention policy as it corrolated with FDR's good neighbor policy. America wanted to free itself from the Philippines to achieve isolation.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Yes it was as it seperated itself from Europe and withdrew from Asia and Latin America. At the seventh pan american conference, the US delegation formally endorsed nonintervention.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Yes because they stimulated trade which resulted in a boom in international trade. Hull's logic behind the act was that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
In Europe totalitarian regimes were gaining power. In the USSR, Joseph Stalin emerged as dictator. In Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power. Adolf Hitler, the most dangerous of all the dictators, took control of Nazi Germany.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
They stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of foreign war, restrictions would automatically be put in place. No American could sail on a belligerent ships nor could they sell or transport muniotions to a belligerent.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
Fascist Francisco Franco was aided by both Mussolini and Hitler which led to the Loyalist government in Spain to be oerthrown. Congress refused to send munitions to Spain to continue with their nonintervention policy.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
In 1937, Japan attaced China at the Marco Polo Bridge which led to FDR giving his Quarantine Speech. In December 1937, Japan bombed and sank the American gunboat the Panay. In Germany, Hitler marched into the demilitarized Rhineland, forbidden by the treaty following World War 1, and took it without ramifications from France or England.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
The US still tried to pursue their policy of isolation. The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed the US to sell war materials to Eurpoean democracies on the basis of cash and carry. Eurpean democracies could purchase munitions from America as long as they paid in cash and transported the materials on their own ships.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
FDR convinced Congress to reserve $37 billion to build airfleets and a navy. Congress also passed a conscription law. The Havana Conference was held and shared the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine with the New World neighbors of the US.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
The immigration law of 1924 established strict quotas for immigrants. The high number of the unemployed during the Depression also led to people shutting down the idea of more immigration.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
Interventionists established the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies and the isolationists formed the America First Committee.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
The Republican candidate for president was former Democrat Wendell Wilkie. FDR broke the two term tradition of the presidency and ran for and won a third term as president.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Some believed that it was ridiculuous to lend something and then get it returned as used and worn out. Others supported it because it continued to keep America out of the war. It was called the blank check bill by opponents. It marked the end of a pretense of US neutrality.
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
FDR made military supplies available to the Soviet Union. He also extended $1 billion to the lend lease. He and Churchill met at the Atlantic Conference to outline democratic goals for life after the war.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
Because England could not safely transport munitions without first being attcked by German submarines, America had to escort the weapons to England. As a result, American ships, such as the Greer, Kearny, and Reuben James, were all attacked by German U-boats. The stipulations of the Neutrality Act of 1939 were therefore removed and merchant ships were allowed to be armed.
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
It was gradual as the US entered long after Britain and France had declared war. What forced the US to enter war was the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor.